第8章
had to be answered with any commercial
consequence was when the laying of a telegraph cable from Europe to America was
proposed. The engineers had to know the depth profile (起伏形状) of the route to
estimate the length of cable that had to be manufactured.
It was to Maury of the US Navy that the Atlantic Telegraph Company turned, in
1853, for information on this matter. In the 1840s, Maury had been responsible for
encouraging voyages during which soundings (测声) were taken to investigate the depths
of the North Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. Later, some of his findings aroused much
popular interest in his book The Physical Geography of the Sea.
The cable was laid, but not until 1866 was the connection made permanent and
reliable. At the early attempts, the cable failed and when it was taken out for repairs it
was found to be covered in living growths, a fact which defied contemporary scientific
opinion that there was no life in the deeper parts of the sea.
Within a few years oceanography was under way. In 1872 Thomson led a scientific
expedition (考察), which lasted for four years and brought home thousands of samples
from the sea. Their classification and analysis occupied scientists for years and led to a
five-volume report, the last volume being published in 1895.
21. The proposal to lay a telegraph cable from Europe to America made oceanographic
studies take on ________.
A) an academic aspect
B) a military aspect
C) a business aspect
D) an international aspect
22. It was ________ that asked Maury for help in oceanographic studies.
A) the American Navy
B) some early intercontinental travelers
C) those who earned a living from the sea
D) the company which proposed to lay an undersea cable
23. The aim of the voyages Maury was responsible for in the 1840s was ________.
A) to make some sounding experiments in the oceans
B) to collect samples of sea plants and animals
C) to estimate the length of cable that was needed
D) to measure the depths of the two oceans
24. “Defied” in the 5th paragraph probably means “________”.
A) doubted
B) gave proof to
C) challenged
D) agreed to
25. This passage is mainly about ________.
A) the beginnings of oceanography
B) the laying of the first undersea cable
C) the investigation of ocean depths
D) the early intercontinental communications
Passage Two
Questions 26 to 30 are based on the following passage.
Normally a student must attend a certain number of courses in order to graduate,
and each course which he attends gives him a credit which he may count towards a
degree. In many American universities the total work for a degree consists of thirty-six
courses each lasting for one semester. A typical course consists of three classes per week
for fifteen weeks; while attending a university a student will probably attend four or five
courses during each semester. Normally a student would expect to take four years
attending two semesters each year. It is possible to spread the period of work for the
degree over a longer period. It is also possible for a student to move between one
university and another during his degree course, though this is not in fact done as a
regular practice.
For every course that he follows a student is given a grade, which is recorded, and
the record is available for the student to show to prospective employers. All this imposes
a constant pressure and strain of work, but in spite of this some students still find time
for great activity in student affairs. Elections to positions in student organizations arouse
much enthusiasm. The effective word of maintaining discipline is usually performed by
students who advise the academic authorities. Any student who is thought to have
broken the rules, for example, by cheating has to appear before a student court. With the
enormous numbers of students, the operation of the system does involve a certain amount
of activity. A student who has held one of these positions of authority is much respected
and it will be of benefit to him later in his career.
26. Normally a student would at least attend ________ classes each week.
A) 36
B) 20
C) 12
D) 15
27. According to the first paragraph an American student is allowed ________.
A) to live in a different university
B) to take a particular course in a different university
C) to live at home and drive to classes
D) to get two degrees from two different universities
28. American university students are usually under pressure of work because ________.
A) their academic performance will affect their future careers
B) they are heavily involved in student affairs
C) they have to observe university discipline
D) they want to run for positions of authority
29. Some students are enthusiastic for positions in student organizations probably
because ________.
A) they hate the constant pressure strain of their study
B) they will then be able to stay longer in the university
C) such positions help them get better jobs
D) such positions are usually well paid
30. The student organizations seem, to be effective in ________.
A) dealing with the academic affairs of the university
B) ensuring that the students observe university regulations
C) evaluating students’ performance by bringing them before a court
D) keeping up the students’ enthusiasm for social activities
Passage Three
Questions 31 to 35 are based on the following passage.
Do you find getting up in the morning so difficult that it’s painful?