第36章
No. The robot would be
using up energy at a time when it was not receiving any. So we would probably program
it to cease its activity at night and to wake up at dawn the next morning.
According to the evolutionary (进化的) theory of sleep, evolution equipped us with
a regular pattern of sleeping and waking for the same reason. The theory does not deny
(否认) that sleep provides some important restorative functions. It merely says that
evolution has programmed us to perform those functions at a time when activity would
be inefficient and possibly dangerous. However, sleep protects us only from the sort of
trouble we might walk into; it does not protect us from trouble that comes looking for us.
So we sleep well when we are in familiar, safe place, but we sleep lightly, if at all, when
we fear that bears will nose into the tent.
The evolutionary theory accounts well for differences in sleep among creatures. Why
do cats, for instance, sleep so much, while horses sleep so little? Surely cats do not need
five times as much repair and restoration as horses do. But cats can afford to have long
periods of inactivity because they spend little time eating and are unlikely to be attacked
while they sleep. Horses must spend almost all their waking hours eating, because what
they eat is very low in energy value. Moreover, they cannot afford to sleep too long or
too deeply, because their survival depends on their ability to run away from attackers.
21. The author uses the example of the robot in space exploration to tell us ________.
A) the differences between robots and men
B) the reason why men need to sleep
C) about the need for robots to save power
D) about the danger of men working at night
22. Evolution has programmed man to sleep at night chiefly to help him ________.
A) maintain a regular pattern of life
B) prevent trouble that comes looking for him
C) avoid danger and inefficient labor
D) restore his bodily functions
23. According to the author, we cannot sleep well when we ________.
A) are worrying about our safety
B) are overworked
C) are in a tent
D) are away from home
24. Cats sleep much more than horses do partly because cats ________.
A) need more time for restoration
B) are unlikely to be attackers
C) are more active than horses when they are awake
D) spend less time eating to get enough energy
25. Which of the following is the main idea of the passage? ________.
A) Evolution has equipped all creatures with a regular pattern of sleeping and
waking.
B) The study of sleep is an important part of the evolutionary theory.
C) Sleeping patterns must be taken into consideration in the designing of robots.
D) The sleeping pattern of a living creature is determined by the food it eats.
Passage Two
Questions 26 to 30 are based on the following passage.
“Congratulations, Mr. Jones, it’s a girl.”
Fatherhood is going to have a different meaning and bring forth a different response
from every man who hears these words. Some feel pride when they receive the news,
while others worry, wondering whether they will be good father. Although there are some
men who like children and may have had considerable experience with them, others do
not particularly care for children and spend little time with them. Many fathers and
mothers have been planning and looking forward to children for some time. For other
couples, pregnancy (怀孕) was an accident that both husband and wife have accepted
willingly or unwillingly.
Whatever the reaction to the birth of a child, it is obvious that the shift from the role
of husband to that of father is a difficult task. Yet, unfortunately, few attempts have been
made to educate fathers in this resocialization process. Although numerous books have
been written about American mothers, only recently has literature focused on the role of a
father.
It is argued by some writers that the transition to the father’s role, although difficult,
is not nearly as great as the transition the wife must make to the mother’s role. The
mother’s role seems to require a complete transformation in daily routine (生活规律) and
highly innovative (创新的) adaptation, on the other hand, the father’s role is less
demanding and immediate. However, even though we mentioned the fact that growing
numbers of women are working outside the home, the father is still thought by many as
the breadwinner in the household.
26. According to the author, being a father ________.
A) brings a feeling of excitement to some men
B) has a different meaning for those who have daughters
C) makes some men feel proud and others uneasy
D) means nothing but more responsibilities
27. It is stated in the passage that ________.
A) some parents are not prepared to have a child
B) young couples do not like children at all
C) working couples do not have much time to take care of their children
D) many parents look forward to having a boy as their first child
28. In the second paragraph, the author ________.
A) criticizes fathers for not taking enough responsibilities in bringing up their
children
B) excuses the American writers for ignoring the difficulties of being a father
C) supports the idea that the chief role of a father is to earn money for the family
D) complains about the lack of social programs to help husbands adjust themselves
to being a father
29. The transition to the mother’s role requires that the wife ________.
A) change her life style in a highly innovative way
B) make a complete change in her everyday life to deal with the new situation
C) stay at home to take care of the baby
D) help her husband in his resocialization process
30. Some writers argue that with respect to the change of roles, fathers, compared with
mothers, ________.
A) have to shoulder more burdens
B) have to make more difficult adaptations
C) have an easier job to do
D) can usually do a better job
Passage Three
Questions 31 to 35 are based on the following passage.
Reading is thought to be a kind of conversation between the reader and the text.
The reader puts questions, as it were, to the text and gets answers. In the light of these he
puts further questions, and so on.
For most of the time this “conversation” goes on below the level of consciousness.
At times, however, we become aware of it. This is usually when we are running into
difficulties, when mismatch is occurring between expectations and meaning. When
successful matching is being experienced, our questioning of the text continues at the
unconscious level.
Different people converse with the text differently. Some stay very close to the
words on the page; others take off imaginatively from the words, interpreting, criticizing,
analyzing and examining. The former represents a kind of comprehension which is
written in the text. The latter represents higher levels of comprehension. The balance
between these is important, especially for advanced readers.
There is another conversation which from our point of view is equally important, and
that is to do not with what is read but with how it is read. We call this a “process”
conversation as opposed to a “content” conversation. It is concerned not with meaning
but with the strategies (策略) we employ in reading. If we are an advanced reader our
ability to hold a process conversation with a text is usually pretty well developed. Not so
our ability to hold a content conversation. It is precisely this kind of conversation that is
of importance when we are seeking to develop our reading to meet the new demands
being placed upon us by studying at a higher level.
31. Reading as a kind of conversation between the reader and the text becomes
conscious only when ________.
A) the reader’s expectations agree with what is said in the text
B) the reader has trouble understanding what the author says
C) the reader asks questions and gets answers
D) the reader understands a text very well
32. At a lower level of comprehension, readers tend to ________.
A) read a text slowly
B) read without thinking hard
C) interpret a text in their own way
D) concentrate on the meaning of words only
33. A “process” conversation has to do with ________.
A) the application of reading strategies
B) matching our expectations with the meaning of a text
C) the development of our ability to check the details
D) determining the main idea of a text
34. According to the passage, it is of great importance for readers at a higher level to
maintain a balance between ________.
A) conscious and unconscious levels of comprehension
B) the reader’s expectations and the meaning of a text
C) lower and higher levels of comprehension
D) interpreting and criticizing a text
35. If we want to develop our reading ability at an advanced level, we should
________.
A) learn to use different approaches in reading different texts
B) make our reading process more conscious
C) pay more attention to the content of a text
D) take a critical attitude towards the author’s idea
Passage Four
Questions 36 to 40 are based on the following passage.
Although April did not bring us the rains we all hoped for, and although the Central
Valley doesn’t generally experience the atmospheric sound and lightning that can
accompany those rains, it’s still important for parents to be able to answer the youthful
questions about thunder and lightning.
The reason these two wonders of nature are so difficult for many adults to explain
to children is that they are not very well understood by adults themselves. For example,
did you know that the lightning we see flashing down to the earth from a cloud is
actually flashing up to a cloud from the earth?