第5章
Had Scott Fetzer been on the 1993 500 list - the latest available for inspection - the company"s return on equity would have ranked 4th. But that is far from the whole story. The top three companies in return on equity were Insilco, LTV and Gaylord Container, each of which emerged from bankruptcy in 1993 and none of which achieved meaningful earnings that year except for those they realized when they were accorded debt forgiveness in bankruptcy proceedings. Leaving aside such non-operating windfalls, Scott Fetzer"s return on equity would have ranked it first on the Fortune 500, well ahead of number two. Indeed, Scott Fetzer"s return on equity was double that of the company ranking tenth.
以所能得到最新的1993年五百大名单来说,该公司的股东权益报酬率可以名列第四,故事还没结束,前三名分别是Insilco、LTV与Gaylord,全部都是因为当年度脱离破产边缘,除了当年因为债务获得免除致使盈余暴增之外,其它年度的获利皆乏善可陈,因此若扣除这些没什么营运的烂果子的话,史考特飞兹的股东权益报酬率足以名列财星五百大首位,远远比其它对手拋在脑后,甚至是第十名的两倍之多。
You might expect that Scott Fetzer"s success could only be explained by a cyclical peak in earnings, a monopolistic position, or leverage. But no such circumstances apply. Rather, the company"s success comes from the managerial expertise of CEO Ralph Schey, of whom I"ll tell you more later.
或许你会认为史考特飞兹的成功不过是盈余循环的高峰、独占垄断或是靠财务杠杆,不过全都不对,这家公司真正成功的原因在于总裁Ralph Schey优异的管理技能,这点在后面我们还会详加报告。
First, however, the promised accounting lesson: When we paid a $142.6 million premium over book value for Scott Fetzer, that figure had to be recorded on Berkshire"s balance sheet. I"ll spare you the details of how this worked (these were laid out in an appendix to our 1986 Annual Report) and get to the bottom line: After a premium is initially recorded, it must in almost all cases be written off over time through annual charges that are shown as costs in the acquiring company"s earnings statement.
接下来是之前说过的会计课,我们支付超过史考特飞兹帐面价值1.426亿美元的溢价,将会被记录在Berkshire的资产负债表上,详细的细节我就予以省略(这些在我们1986年年报的附录都有),而溢价在登录之后,不管怎样都必须按年摊销当作成本,并显现在每年的盈余报表之上。
The following table shows, first, the annual charges Berkshire has made to gradually extinguish the Scott Fetzer acquisition premium and, second, the premium that remains on our books. These charges have no effect on cash or the taxes we pay, and are not, in our view, an economic cost (though many accountants would disagree with us). They are merely a way for us to reduce the carrying value of Scott Fetzer on our books so that the figure will eventually match the net worth that Scott Fetzer actually employs in its business.
下表显示,第一栏是Berkshire每年必须慢慢地摊销购买史考特飞兹所产生的溢价的余额,第二栏是每年必须摊销的金额,这些费用对现金部位或税负支出都不会有影响,同时就我们的观点而言,也没有任何实质的经济意义(虽然很多会计师可能不同意我们的看法),这不过是让我们的帐列投资成本能够慢慢减少,到最后终与史考特飞兹本身帐列净值一致的方法而已。
Beginning Purchase-Premium EndingPurchase Charge to PurchaseYear Premium Berkshire Earnings Premium (In $ Millions)
1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
$142.6 131.0 123.9 115.9 108.9 101.9 95.0 87.2 59.1
$ 11.6 7.1 7.9 7.0 7.1 6.9 7.7 28.1 4.9
$131.0 123.9 115.9 108.9 101.9 95.0 87.2 59.1 54.2
Note that by the end of 1994 the premium was reduced to $54.2 million. When this figure is added to Scott Fetzer"s year-end book value of $94 million, the total is $148.2 million, which is the current carrying value of Scott Fetzer on Berkshire"s books. That amount is less than half of our carrying value for the company when it was acquired. Yet Scott Fetzer is now earning about twice what it then did. Clearly, the intrinsic value of the business has consistently grown, even though we have just as consistently marked down its carrying value through purchase-premium charges that reduced Berkshire"s earnings and net worth.
大家可能注意到截至1994年底为止,帐列的溢价还剩下5,420万美元,这个数字若再加上史考特飞兹当年底的净值9,400万美元的话,就等于Berkshire帐上持有该公司的投资成本1.482亿美元,这个数字甚至不到当初我们买下它时的一半不到,然而史考特飞兹现在每年所赚的钱,却是当时的二倍,很明显的,其实质价值一直都在成长,然而透过溢价摊销,Berkshire帐上持有的投资成本却一再向下调整。