第18章
What is the meaning of
all this? Have you carefully studied the secret motives of our actions?
Do you understand —— can you explain the causes which occasion them ,
and make them inevitable? If you can , you will be less hasty with your
decision."
"But you will allow ," said Albert ; "that some actions are criminal,
let them spring from whatever motives they may." I granted it , and shrugged
my shoulders.
"But still, my good friend ," I continued , "there are some exceptions
here too. Theft is a crime; but the man who commits it from extreme poverty,
with no design but to save his family from perishing, is he an object
of pity , or of punishment ? Who shall throw the first stone at a husband,
who , in the heat of just resentment , sacrifices his faithless wife
and her perfidious seducer? or at the young maiden , who, in her weak
hour of rapture , forgets herself in the impetuous joys of love? Even
our laws, cold and cruel as they are , relent in such cases , and withhold
their punishment."
"That is quite another thing," said Albert ; "because a man under
the influence of violent passion loses alI power of reflection, and is
regarded as intoxicated or insane."
"Oh ! you people of sound understandings ," I replied , smiling,
"are ever ready to exclaim "Extravagance, and madness, and intoxication!
" You moral men are so calm and so subdued! You abhor the drunken man,
and detest the extravagant; you pass by, like the Levite, and thank
God , like the Pharisee, that you are not like one of them. I have been
more than once intoxicated, my passions have always bordered on extravagance
: I am not ashamed to confess it ; for I have learned , by my own experience,
that all extraordinary men, who have accomplished great and astonishing
actions , have ever been decried by the world as drunken or insane. And
in private life , too, is it not intolerable that no one can undertake
the execution of a noble or generous deed , without giving rise to the
exclamation that the doer is intoxicated or mad ? Shame upon you , ye
sages !"
"This is another of your extravagant humours," said Albert : "you
always exaggerate a case, and in this matter you are undoubtedly wrong
; for we were speaking of suicide, which you compare with great actions,
when it is impossible to regard it as anything but a weakness. It is much
easier to die than to bear a life of misery with fortitude."
I was on the point of breaking off the conversation , for nothing
puts me so completely out of patience as the utterance of a wretched commonplace
when I am talking from my inmost heart. However , I composed myself,
for I had often heard the same observation with sufficient vexation ;
and I answered him, therefore, with a little warmth , "You call this
a weakness—— beware of being led astray by appearances. When a nation,
which has long groaned under the intolerable yoke of a tyrant , rises
at last and throws off its chains , do you call that weakness? The man
who , to rescue his house from the flames, finds his physical strength
redoubled , so that he lifts burdens with ease , which, in the absence
of excitement , he could scarcely move ; he who , under the rage of
an insult , attacks and puts to flight half a score of his enemies ,
are such persons to be called weak? My good friend , if resistance be
strength, how can the highest degree of resistance be a weakness ?"
Albert looked steadfastly at me , and said , "Pray forgive me ,
but I do not see that the examples you have adduced bear any relation
to the question." "Very likely," I answered; "for I have often been
told that my style of illustration borders a little on the absurd. But
let us see if we cannot place the matter in another point of view , by
inquiring what can be a man"s state of mind who resolves to free himself
from the burden of life ,—— a burden often so pleasant to bear ,—
— for we cannot otherwise reason fairly upon the subject.
"Human nature ," I continued , "has its limits. It is able to endure
a certain degree of joy , sorrow , and pain , but becomes annihilated
as soon as this measure is exceeded. The question , therefore, is ,
not whether a man is strong or weak , but whether he is able to endure
the measure of his sufferings. The suffering may be moral or physical
; and in my opinion it is just as absurd to call a man a coward who destroys
himself , as to call a man a coward who dies of a malignant fever."
"Paradox, all paradox!"